Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis

For years, many scholars have provided many discussions over the topic of gender and sexuality. However, one needs to ask themselves: Are these two topics, gender and sexuality, useful as a category for historical analysis? The articles written by both Joan W. Scott and Afsaneh Najmabadi, answer such a question. By critically examining and assessing their two article, can the usefulness of gender and sexuality as a category for historical analysis be proven. In â€Å"Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,† Joan W. Scott provides many angles to explore the relevancy of gender. The first thing that needs to be examined is her argument. The main argument that Joan W. Scott is trying to make is how beneficial to history using gender as a category for analysis would turn out. Another factor that needs to be made in assessing her article is how she presents her argument and findings. Scott formats her article with a beginning, middle, and end. She begins by defining â€Å"gender,† and how that term has been used in general. She goes on to describe some of the theories that have analyzed gender. The next part that she explains is how, of late, politics has been coincided with the analysis of gender. Finally, she ends her paper by providing her bottom-line opinion about the analysis and approach of gender. Now with the structure of her paper in mind, the next important assessment is in the sources she uses. The sources that Joan Scott utilizes in her argument are mostlyShow MoreRelatedGender And Gender Identity1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn light of performativity, political transformation via hegemonic cultural practices continues to advocate for gender parody. Overall, the recent exploration of alterity ethics complements performativity politics by exploiting the subversive potential of gender identity as well as female identity. 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Essay on Hcs 320 Communication Methods - 1079 Words

Health Care Communication Methods HCS 320 7/15/2013 Robert Clegg Health Care Communication Methods As the communication coordinator for this national drug manufacturer, we will need to address the issue at hand and figure out the best way to handle the negative publicity one of our medications has caused. Unfortunately, the local news is already making things more difficult for us by alleging that a well-known public figure is among those suffering adverse effects from this medication. We will need to decide how to properly address the public that will ensure no loss in business or investors. In this meeting, we will need to determine the best communication tactic to get this situation under control. Our first option would be†¦show more content†¦Now in looking at electronic or social media we have many choices. Facebook or our company website would be two options. However any electronic or social media would have advantages and disadvantages. 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TIGHTENING THE LINK BETWEEN WELLBING AT WORK AND PERFORMANCE Free Essays

string(148) " sentiment study of a peculiar group of employees working for the authorities may non be able to stand for the positions of all types of employees\." Abstraction: The intent of this academic essay is to reexamine the research work under the rubric ‘Tightening the nexus between employee wellbeing at work and public presentation ‘ by the erudite scholar Nicole Renee Baptiste with the purpose to take the academic treatment further. The research work is good presented and rich in footings of cognition, grounds and recommendations. The subject of research is a modern-day issue of great significance, peculiarly in this clip of economic downswing. We will write a custom essay sample on TIGHTENING THE LINK BETWEEN WELLBING AT WORK AND PERFORMANCE or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sum-total of organisational success reflects on the economic growing at the national degree and that is why effectual and efficient organisational operation, be it in the public sector or private subdivision, has ever been on the top of the docket of the policy shapers and organisational leaders. In add-on, organisational success depends to a big portion on the well-being of the employees. In other words, a happy work force leads to better concern public presentation – is the subject under reappraisal. Introduction: ‘Life anticipation and Numberss in employment are higher than of all time before, yet around 175 million on the job yearss were lost to illness in 2006 ( Dame Carol Black ‘s Review of the wellness of Britain ‘s working population ‘Working for a healthier tomorrow ‘ presented to the Secretary of State for Health and the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, 17 March 2008. The policy shapers are in the procedure of reexamining work topographic point patterns in relation to well-being and promoting thoughts to better concern public presentation to be competitory in the planetary market that signifies the importance to wellbeing every bit justly depicted by the writer. In order to foster the academic treatment, the undermentioned points will be analyzed: The rubric of the research work: Tightening the nexus between employee wellbeing at work and public presentation. The impression of HRM as suggested on Page 2 of the research work. Performance Recent HR Concepts, e.g. , employee battle The job of such probe: how to divide well-being as a variable as a contributory factor to public presentation ‘HRM patterns ‘ on page 3 of the research paper. The HRM Practices – Employee voice – †¦ †¦ †¦ ‘and it is considered indispensable that workers have the chance to show their grudges openly and independently†¦ . ‘ Page 3 of the article may be problematic. Committedness, Job Satisfaction and Work-life balance are the constitutional elements of Wellbeing. But the issue is: committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance are the result of a good well-being policy instead than being the component elements of wellbeing which may be unfastened to debate. In the Data Collection procedure male, female, age, length of service, type of business, making – all the elements were taken in into consideration but point has no reference, which is Ethnicity, which is unfastened to debate. Different ethical background may hold different perceptual experience of well-being. From a reading of the article under reappraisal, it seems the article is normative taking to prescriptive recommended policies which reflect a kind of theoretical account, the look used to analyse HR by Mike Noon, Re-assessing Human Resource Management, edited by Paul Blyton and Peter Turnbull, Sage Publications, 1996, page 16. Literature Reappraisal: Employee wellbeing as a construct to better organisational public presentation from the position of HR practician can be traced to the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 as authorities legislative intercession placed a responsibility of attention upon employers. ‘Employers have a legal responsibility under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ( HSWA 1974 ) to guarantee, so far as is moderately operable, the wellness, safety and public assistance at work of their employees. ( HSWA 1974, s 2 ( 1 ) . The term used by the authorities has been welfare instead than wellbeing, which may bear the same significance except well-being, seems to be much broader in range. The writer takes the position that HRM is a unitary system of direction – which is a remarkable indorsement of managerial positions, is besides unfastened to debate. Today ‘s HR is really much based on common consent in about every facet of employer-employee relationship which may be in a redundancy state of affairs, enlisting and choice, subject, trade brotherhood dialogue et cetera. What makes the survey of HR hard is ‘the multiplicity of variable ‘ Charles Handy, Understanding Organizations, 4th edition, 1999, Penguin Books Reappraisal: Summary of the inquiries: The rubric of the research work: Tightening the nexus between employee wellbeing at work and public presentation. The impression of HRM as suggested on Page 2 of the research work. Performance Recent HR Concepts, e.g. , employee battle The job of such probe: how to divide well-being as a variable as a contributory factor to public presentation ‘HRM patterns ‘ on page 3 of the research paper. The HRM Practices – Employee voice – †¦ †¦ †¦ ‘and it is considered indispensable that workers have the chance to show their grudges openly and independently†¦ . ‘ Page 3 of the article may be problematic. Committedness, Job Satisfaction and Work-life balance are the constitutional elements of Wellbeing. But the issue is: committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance are the result of a good well-being policy instead than being the component elements of wellbeing which may be unfastened to debate. In the Data Collection procedure male, female, age, length of service, type of business, making – all the elements were taken in into consideration but point has no reference, which is Ethnicity, which is unfastened to debate. Different ethical background may hold different perceptual experience of well-being. Appraisal The first issue which comes to mind as a referee is the rubric of the research paper ‘Tightening the nexus between employee wellbeing at work and public presentation. ‘ Harmonizing to the rubric, the writer does non stipulate which type of organisation is the article for, whether it is for the private sector or public sector or charity organisation, SMEs et cetera. If it assumed that the research paper is intended for all types of organisations, so the job is: the empirical analysis in local authorities in North England or an sentiment study of a peculiar group of employees working for the authorities may non be able to stand for the positions of all types of employees. You read "TIGHTENING THE LINK BETWEEN WELLBING AT WORK AND PERFORMANCE" in category "Essay examples" Percept on wellbeing differ from organisation to organisation. Aims and aims and public presentation are non the same or similar. In 1961, Burns and Stalker ( Mullins, L.J. ( 2005 ) . Management and Organization completed a survey of 20 UK fabrication houses to find the types of construction that existed. Finding concluded that two fundamentally contrasting signifiers existed – mechanistic and organic. Mechanistic Structures: Have a stiff construction Operate in stable environments Have undertakings that are specialized and functionally differentiated Have a hierarchal construction in which control and authorization predominate. # Organic Structures: Have fluid constructions that are more antiphonal to alter Operate in more turbulent/constantly altering environments Have undertakings that change on a regular basis with the concern Have an environment where cognition is spread throughout the organisation What has construction of an organisation got to make with wellbeing? To some extent, construction plays a really of import function in the makeup of the organisational personality which is the sum-total of the employees, direction manner, civilization of the organisation, type of employees recruited and selected, outlooks, industrial dealingss and the external environment T in which the organisation operates. All these factors may take to a perceptual difference in which well-being is viewed. Public or authorities sections are to some extent or similar to Mechanistic constructions where employees seem content with occupation stableness ( even the authorities sections are holding to confront up to recession ) – which means the wellbeing bundle from the perceptual experience of the contented employees may be different. This is an premise and at this minute of clip, no empirical grounds can be provided. On the other manus, private organisations and SMEs, charity organisations have another mentality in relation to well-being because, external force per unit area of competition, the competitory nature in order to last and prolong, public presentation related in footings of finance and net income – all seem to propose, that wellbeing is approached from a more fiscal position like immense wages taken by the organisation leaders which has come under onslaught by the populace and media late. At this minute, no empirical grounds can be provided to back up the above mentioned premises. On page 3 of the research work, the writer has to some extent equated Employee Voice with Grievance by the statement ‘ †¦ †¦ †¦ have the chance to show their grudges openly and independently, †¦ †¦ †¦ ..’Grievance is non the same as raising an issue. Employee voice is about engagement, battle, audiences and discoursing issues related to work without fright. To utilize the phrase ‘Grievance ‘ seems inappropriate. The impression of HRM Harmonizing to the writer ‘HRM will be defined as a set of patterns used to pull off the work force of an organisation, that is recruitment and choice, preparation and development, worker engagement, wage and wagess, flexibleness, engagement in decision-making, communications and employee public assistance. ‘ If the position of the writer is taken that HRM is a set of patterns, which means it is a map or managerial tool to work out managerial jobs, so the inquiry no theory is required to back up premises or no empirical grounds is required to back up premises. There is still a batch of argument about the true nature of HRM from the academic position, practicians view point and besides, from the position point of educationists who teach this subject. Harmonizing to Torrington et at. , ( 2005 ) , define HRM as, ‘Resource centered, directed chiefly at direction ‘s demands for HR ( non needfully employees ) to be provided and deployed. Demand instead than supply is the focal point on the activity. There is greater accent on planning, monitoring and control instead than mediation. Problem-solving is undertaken with other members of the direction on HR issues instead than straight with employees or their representatives. ‘ This definition is besides similar to the writer which focuses on Practice. Harmonizing to bookmans like Guest, it is more than merely a set of pattern – the subject has good tested theoretical accounts and theories which provide the decisions with more authorization which is why empirical grounds is provided to back up findings. Performance is another issue which requires elucidation. The writer does non truly stipulate when covering with public presentation as to which public presentation is being referred to: Organizational public presentation HR public presentation Employee public presentation Wellbeing is related to public presentation but which public presentation. If well-being is related to organisational public presentation, so wellbeing demands to be separated from the remainder of the other variables which is hard to make. Compartmentalizing Wellbeing, if possible, may take to different decisions. Wellbeing will so be examined against the organisational public presentation indexs and see how wellbeing contributes to the overall public presentation of the organisation. In these times when the traveling gets tough, employees try to set on their best show, merely to be in occupations. Performance additions as times get tough ( People Management, published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, July issues, 2009 ) . Wellbeing non needfully leads to better public presentation. But without a shadow of uncertainty, plays a important function taking to effectual public presentation. In a stable status, occupation security, committedness and work-family enterprises have been through empirical observation evidenced by the writer that wellbeing improves public presentation. It is agreed. But does the same clasp for in an unstable status where occupations are vanishing, people being made redundant, re-structuring return topographic point merely to salvage money, preparation is traveling through the Windowss due to shortage of financess, enlisting freezing in some industries – it is a affair of uncertainty. Committedness, Job Satisfaction and Work-life balance are the constitutional elements of Wellbeing. But the issue is: committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance are the result of a good well-being policy instead than being the component elements of wellbeing which may be unfastened to debate. This is another point seems to be unfastened to debate. A good well-being policy will take to greater committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance. By following a Cause and Effect analysis, it can be safely assumed that committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance is the terminal consequence or the consequence of a good well-being policy instead than being the component elements of well-being policy. From an HR practician ‘s point of position, well-being is made up of: Effective communicating ( ACAS ) ( 2005 ) Honesty ( from both the employers and employees ) An inspiring civilization Better footings and conditions of employment Better and competitory benefits in footings of fiscal and non-financial Competitive wages scheme Schemes like proviso for looking after the aged, immature kids or taking time-off for looking after the aged, immature kids or people with disablements which may necessitate to be farther examined and defined. Disability is a long term inauspicious status of a individual ( mental or physical ) which will adversely impact a individual ‘s work related public presentation. Better periphery benefits Secured pensions Et cetera These may be the constitutional elements of wellbeing. If decently executed or implemented, it may take to enhanced committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance. Critical Evaluation of Methodology The methodological analysis employed is the standard methodological analysis for analysis and the writer has taken into consideration all the elements necessary except one point – ethnicity. There seems to be no reference of ethnicity in the methodological analysis. From the cultural point of position, wellbeing possibly perceived otherwise by people coming from assorted cultural background. This is approximately diversified background. Peoples are different and may hold different sentiment on wellbeing. May be the empirical consequences would be the same, yet it is of import to understand wellbeing from different cultural backgrounds. Harmonizing to Professor Binna Kandola OBE in his latest book provinces ‘We are so witting of the demand to look just that we conceal our biass, sometimes even from ourselves ‘ take from People Management 30 July 2009, page figure 26. Hypothesis 1 Social relationships that exist between line directors and employees that are built on support and trust in direction from HRM patterns play an of import long-run function in the development of positive employee attitudes and behavior that constitute employee wellbeing at work and enhanced public presentation. Organizations that do non prosecute in these types of relationships will therefore perform worse in the long term than those that do non. The hypothesis is good founded, but in times of alteration, recession, ‘latest unemployment figures revealed that 7.1 per cent of the work force is now out of a occupation, the latest CIPD labor Market Outlook study, compiled by the professional services house KPMG ‘ People Management 21 May 2009, page7 the normative recommendations by the writer may non be compatible in today ‘s context.. Hypothesis 2 Organizations that promote and maintain committedness, occupation satisfaction and work-life balance ( wellbeing ) of their employees through the execution of high committedness, HRM patterns will profit most by superior organisational results and productiveness through set uping long-run relationships of support and trust with employees. Organizations that do non pay attending to employee wellbeing at work will hold in the long term to cover with the effects of less productive employees. The methodological analysis employed is compatible with the hypothesis. But the hypothesis seems to propose, a long term position, within which type of organisation is what needs to be established. Evidence to back up the decision is good founded. Statement of parts It needs to be acknowledged that the British Library and on line library has greatly facilitated the procedure of deriving cognition and using the cognition in the reappraisal. At the same clip, the counsel provided by the HR lector has besides enhanced the reappraisal accomplishments which has been applied and will be put to prove in all future research work. Besides, People Management published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development has provided the modern-day HR issues. Discussion and Decision From a reading of the scholarly work of Nicole Renee Baptiste, it is clear from the writers ‘ statement the well-being, the cardinal subject, is viewed as ‘People ‘s overall sense of felicity. ‘ In other words, what makes employees happy at work or why should employees wish to work for one company instead than another? What information influences employee ‘s determination to do that kind of pick? Harmonizing to the writer, HR patterns make the difference which is supported by the empirical probe and is besides endorsed by modern-day and direction gurus. But, from a practician ‘s point of position, HR Practices require more elucidation. HR PRACTICES It is the benefits which are seeable, attracts employees and it is the existent demands of the current and possible employees which may represent employee well-being and do employees experience happy to work for the organisation. This being the ground, employee perceptual experience on the constitutional elements of wellbeing may convey light a more practical attack to the subject of wellbeing and associate it to public presentation by good devised research methodological analysis. What makes the survey of HR interesting is all HR issues are linked to other maps and detaching HR from the other maps is hard. The brave effort by the writer is to foreground Wellbeing must be appreciated. In decision, wellbeing must and will mount up the ladder of HR docket which is witnessed by recent formation of the Institute of Wellbeing, ( People Management, August 2009 ) . Mentions: Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service ( ACAS ) ( 2005 ) Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. ‘Life anticipation and Numberss in employment are higher than of all time before, yet around 175 million on the job yearss were lost to illness in 2006 ( Dame Carol Black ‘s Review of the wellness of Britain ‘s working population ‘Working for a healthier tomorrow ‘ presented to the Secretary of State for Health and the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, 17 March 2008. Mike Noon, Re-assessing Human Resource Management, edited by Paul Blyton and Peter Turnbull, Sage Publications, 1996, page 16. Mullins, L.J. ( 2005 ) . Management and Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition. , FT Prentice Hall Peoples Management published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development ( all the diaries have been consulted from January 1 2009 boulder clay day of the month ) Peoples Management, January 2009 published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Peoples Management, 30 May 2009 published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Peoples Management 30 July 2009 and August published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Personnel Manager, Law Pack Publishing, 2005 Monetary value, A. ( 2004 ) . Human Resource Management in a Business Context, 2nd Edition, Thomson Learning Torrington, D. , Hall, L. and Taylor, S ( 2005 ) Human Resource Management, 6th Edition. , FT Prentice Hall How to cite TIGHTENING THE LINK BETWEEN WELLBING AT WORK AND PERFORMANCE, Essay examples

Lin Article Critique free essay sample

However, when splitting the forty patients into two treatment groups, the clients were split randomly. This places twenty participants in each subgroup. Pyrczak (2008) suggests that number of participants can be so small that generalizing would be inappropriate. At the conclusion of the study caution was given to the small sample size provided, but it was noted that â€Å"the sample size was more than sufficient to detect meaningful statistical differences, a major goal of all treatment studies† (Lin et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Lin Article Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , 2004). This indicates that a generalization was drawn from the target group of residential drug rehabilitation clients and was not drawn from a diverse source. Some participant dropped out of the study resulting in a 35% completion rate (Lin et al. , 2004). This low rate does effect generalizing the findings of the study. The participants were similar on relevant variables in that all of the patients were diagnosed with a mental disorder, had a history of a chronic addiction, a poor response to treatment and relapse, legal issue related to addiction and little motivation to change (Lin et al. 2004). Critique of Procedures The procedures followed in acquiring participants in this study initially were not chosen at random. The forty-three patients selected for the study were from a residential drug treatment center that had specific criteria preferred by the researchers. However, when the patients were separated into treatment groups, â€Å"they were randomly assigned to FT or ADC† (Linn et al. , 2004). The treatments described in this study are sufficiently explained in detail. The researchers describe ADC, alcohol and drug counseling as a common treatment plan for substance abuse. The article is written in more descriptive detail about forgiveness therapy for the reason that its effectiveness is being tested. The treatments were administered by a therapist trained in both FT and ADC therapy with more than twenty years of therapeutic counseling experience. The treatments that were administered were monitored by taping the therapy sessions with a member of the team arbitrarily selecting the tapings for review of â€Å"consistency between expected and delivered treatments† (Linn et al. 2004). The same therapist conducted all the therapy sessions so that the personal effect is eliminated as a factor from this study. The therapist used the same methodology in both types of treatment programs. The setting for the experiment was a natural setting in the sense that it was not conducted in a laboratory. The therapy sessions took place within the current living environment of the rehabilitation residential facility. The researcher considered attrition in this study stating that, â€Å"given the high levels of mobility and chaos that characterize the lives of this client population, this dropout rate is not unusual. However, the sample size was more than sufficient to detect meaningful statistical differences, a major goal of all treatment studies† (Linn et al. , 2004). Critique of Instrumentation The evaluating instruments for the research did not include actual items in the research, but did explain in great detail the description of each instrument. The researchers also included research that supported validity of each assessment. Specialized formatting and detail was used when the instruments were administered in random order and the response format was provided. Restrictions were placed upon the research when the patience were initially chosen with the three dispositions of a chronic addiction with relapse, psychiatric diagnoses, poor response to treatment with low motivation to change, and legal issues dealing with substance abuse (Linn et al. , 2004). Multiple methods are used to collect information on each variable within this research. The EFI, BDI-II, CSEI, STAI, SSTAEI and vulnerability to drug use scale were used to obtain data on each patient and use for statistical analysis (Linn et al. , 2004). The researchers provided sources and well researched information for each published instrument. The self-report assessments were not administered anonymously, therefore, there is some reason of doubt that information obtained from patients could have been influenced by â€Å"social desirability or response-style biases† (Linn et al. , 2004). This researcher believes steps were taken to keep the instrumentation from influencing any overt behaviors due to the fact that all patients were exposed to the same therapist as a constant, expected occurrence, causing little deviation from the expected schedule. Lin Article Critique free essay sample In the article Effects of forgiveness therapy on anger, mood, and vulnerability to substance use among inpatient substance-dependent clients (Lin, Mack, Enright, Krahn, Basking, 2004), anger is the greatest deterrent for relapse in individuals who are trying to overcome substance-abuse addictions. A new approach to anger, forgiveness therapy, posits that resentment and its accompanying anger are often justifiable responses to severe wrongs (Lin et al. 2004, p. 1115). Forgiveness when iven and received, allows for hope to be restored in human kindness. Jesus tells to forgive as He has forgiven, from the heart, Repent, then, and turn to God so that your sins may be wiped out, that times of refreshing may come from the Lord (Acts 3:19, NIV), the times of refreshing for an addict are so precious, this is why forgiveness is crucial to their recovery. Participants from a residential treatment facility were chosen and randomly assigned to one of two groups: forgiveness therapy or alcohol/d rug counseling. We will write a custom essay sample on Lin Article Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The study consisted of twelve individual therapy sessions for each group and administered by the same therapist (Lin et al. 2004). The aim of the study was to test the two groups and determine if anger, depression, anxiety and vulnerability would decrease as a result of the individual therapies. Participants, six for forgiveness therapy and four for alcohol/drug counseling, attended a four-month follow-up to which there was a significant difference in the two groups. The forgiveness therapy group showed a substantial decrease in alcohol/drug vulnerabilities, where as alcohol/drug counseling remained about the same. The reason, researchers suggest is that torgiveness therapy did not tocus on drug vulnerabilities, but centered on the lients thoughts, behaviors and feelings about someone other than themselves (Lin 1119). Title critique The title helps identify if the article is relevant to the persons research topic or of one that will prove to spark their interest. Several questions can be used in evaluating a title in determining whether the content is one of pursuing (Pyrczak, 1. Is the title sufficiently specific? Yes. Scale rating of 4. 2008). The title clearly states the objects in this study, which are the effects of forgiveness therapy among substance-dependent clients. 2. Is the title reasonably concise? Somewhat. Scale rating of 2. According to Pyrczak (2008), the title should be about fifteen words or less, this title contains seventeen words. The words mood and substance-dependent clients could have been eliminated because they are somewhat redundant. The title could have instead read, Effects of forgiveness therapy for addictive clients focusing on anger and vulnerability to substance use. . Does the title identify the types of individuals who participated? Yes. Scale rating of 5. The title refers to substance-dependent clients who did participate in the study. 4. If a study is strongly tied to a theory, is the name of the specific theory mentioned n the title? Yes. Scale rating of 5. The forgiveness therapy was used for this study is also listed in the title. 5. Has the author avoided describing results in the tit le? Yes. Scale rating of 5. None of the results are described in the title. Pyrczak (2008) states that the results of the study are often scrutinized for more than one explanation of the research findings. 6. Has the author avoided using a yes-rd question in the title? Yes. Rating Scale of 5. No question appears in the title of this article. 7. If the title implies causality, does the method of research Justify it? Yes. Rating Scale of 4. The title implies that anger and mood could be related to vulnerability of substance abuse and the research looks at forgiveness therapy and the effects this type of therapy has on substance-dependent clients. Abstract Critique The abstract of a research article is the summary paragraph used to summarize they key findings and explorations used for a particular article. Abstracts helps to identify if the article is relevant in terms of interest to the reader. Some Journals require a maximum word count where 100 to 250 words are common (Pyrczak, 2008). 1. Is the purpose of the study referred to or at least clearly implied? Yes. Rating Scale of 5. The first sentence in the abstract states, Anger and related emotions have been identified as triggers in substance abuse (Lin et al. 2004). The next sentence mentions forgiveness therapy and the participants related to this study. 2. Does the abstract mention highlights of the research methodology? Yes. Rating Scale of 4. Pyrczak (2008) states that, small samples are important methodology characteristics that might set this study apart from others on the same topic (p. 24). This abstract does give the sample size and a description of the methods th at were used. . If the study is strongly tied to a theory, is the theory mentioned in the abstract? Yes. Rating Scale ot 5 The abstract clearly states that forgiveness therapy was used in this study and offer slight insight to the results of this particular theory. 4. Overall is the abstract effective and appropriate? Yes. Rating Scale of 4. The abstract does mention the purpose, method and results of this study. Literature Review Critique A literature review is the process of examining published studies for topics that are relevant to the area of intended study Oackson, 2012). Critiquing literature eviews involves examining the introduction for the literature cited for the actual study. There are five purposes for literature review: (a) to introduce the problem area, (b) establish its importance, (c) provide an overview of relevant literature, (d) show how the current stud will advance knowledge in the area and (e) describe the researchers specific research questions, purpose, or hypotheses (Pyrczak, 2008, p. 1. Does the researcher begin by identifying a specific problem area? Yes. 33). The first sentence of the introduction speaks of anger and the use of alcohol and other substances. 2. Does the researcher establish the importance of the problem area? Yes, Rating Scale of 5. The introduction offers information from previous studies involving anger and alcohol/substance dependence as well as statistics related to relapses that were caused by anger. 3. Does the introduction move from topic to topic instead of from citation to citation? Somewhat. Rating Scale 3. The main theme of the introduction is mainly on anger and forgiveness therapy. It lists anger in relationship to resentment, frustration, anxiety, violence, and basic emotions, which are a result of anger. The approach of the introduction could have ocused on anger, to substance abuse caused by anger and the different techniques that are describe within the body of the paper. 4. Has the researcher cited sources for factual statements? Yes. Rating Scale 4. The researcher did cite factual statements in the introduction using several inventories and manuals such as: State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, The Project Match 12 Step Manual, Cognitive-behavioral Coping Skills Manual, Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy Manual, and Relapse Research and the Reasons for Drinking Questionnaire (Lin et al. 2004). 5. Has the researcher avoided citing a large umber of resources for a single point? No. Rating Scale of 1. The introduction of this article gives approximately nine citations of research related to anger, approximately thirteen citations for forgiveness therapy and approximately five citations for substance abuse. Pyrczak (2008) does state that more than 6 citations for a single point are o ften found inappropriate. 6. Is current research cited? Yes and No. Rating Scale of 2. The current research listed in the introduction of this article is roughly nine citations between the years of 2000 2004, where as the other citations range from 1985 1999 and are of the majority. . Has the researcher noted any gaps in the literature? Yes. Rating Scale of 4. The research does note that the cognitive-behavioral therapy literature offers recommendations to alcoholics regarding their anger, delaying responses and to learn assertive skills over aggressive behavior states, there are few data documenting the efficacy ot this approach (Lin et al. 2 8. Has the researcher avoided the overuse of direct quotations from the literature? Yes. Rating The introduction uses only three quotations from the approximate count of twenty-seven citations used in the introduction section of this article. Research Questions Critique The last paragraph of the introduction usually contains the research questions and/or hypotheses for the purpose of writing the article. 1. What is the research wondering about? The research is questioning if substance-dependent patients would benefit from forgiveness therapy. Would they show less anger, depression, anxiety and vulnerability to substance abuse? 2. Is the research hypotheses clearly stated? The hypotheses for this study are individuals in residential treatment for alcohol and drug dependence, after receiving treatment augmented by forgiveness therapy r alcohol/drug counseling would demonstrate less anger. 3. Do these flow clearly from the literature review? Yes, the hypothesis does flow from the information in literature review. The literature review looks at anger in association with substance abuse participants. 4. Is the design appropriate to investigate the hypotheses? To test the design, researchers used randomly assigned participants who were clients that resided at a treatment facility that were assigned to either forgiveness therapy or alcohol/drug counseling as an augmentation of the routine residential treatment.